El fuego I
En una situación de supervivencia en zonas frías, nuestra vida puede depender de nuestra capacidad para encender y mantener un fuego. Sin llegar a esos extremos, podremos necesitar fuego para secarnos, calentarnos, hacer señales a los equipos de rescate y cocinar eliminando los posibles gérmenes y parásitos de nuestros alimentos.
También, como excursionistas, podemos sentirnos tentados a sentarnos al lado de una hoguera bajo las estrellas. En este caso debes tener en cuenta las leyes que regulan estas prácticas en tu país. En España, y más concretamente en Galicia, esta práctica está prohibida durante los meses más calurosos y severamente penalizada.
En cualquier caso, no debes olvidar que un fuego es muy peligroso, debes seguir todas las normas de seguridad:
- No hagas hogueras más grandes de lo necesario, son más dificiles de controlar y de mantener.
- Elimina las ramitas y todo material combustible en un radio de dos o tres metros alrededor del fuego.
- No lo hagas cerca de la maleza o ramas bajas
- Ten siempre cerca un cubo u otro recipiente con agua y/o una rama frondosa para apagarlo rápidamente si es necesario.
Siempre debemos llevar en nuestra mochila o equipaje, especialmente si vamos a atravesar zonas inhóspitas, un mechero y/o cerillas en un recipiente impermeable (una caja de carrete fotográfico, por ejemplo. Lleva también los rascadores) o impermeabilizadas (con esmalte de uñas o parafina). Si así lo hacemos, nuestras posibilidades de supervivencia aumentarán y no tendremos que preocuparnos de hacer fuego con medios improvisados.
Preparar, encender y mantener el fuego
Antes de nada debemos decidir donde lo ubicaremos, prestando atención a viento y a la vegetación, y preparar el lugar eliminando ramas, hierbas, etc.
Es buena idea excavar un hoyo de unos 10 ó 15 cm y rodearlo con piedras para alojar en él la hoguera. Cuando deshagamos el campamento, taparemos las cenizas con la tierra que sacamos, devolveremos las piedras a su sitio y dejaremos todo de manera que nadie pueda notar que hemos estado allí. (Esta norma es bueno seguirla tanto si hacemos fuego como si no).
Hay que buscar el material combustible: ramas secas de diferentes grosores, la más menuda para encenderlo y la más gruesa para mantenerlo. No será difícil de encontrar en zonas boscosas y con tiempo seco. Las crecidas acumulan ramas en las orillas de los ríos y en ocasiones las convierten en un auténtico filón. Las ramas más bajas de los árboles están, con frecuencia, secas y se rompen con facilidad. En caso de tiempo húmedo debemos buscar en los huecos de los troncos secos, que proporcionan madera podrida que arde bien, en zonas resguardadas al lado de rocas, caminos, grutas. Si no ha llovido demasiado, quizá logremos madera seca simplemente descortezando las ramas húmedas. Si no, tendremos que coger las ramas gruesas y cortarlas en pedazos longitudinales para aprovechas las astillas secas que obtengamos. Pondremos la madera húmeda a secar cerca del fuego.
Para prender el fuego usaremos al principio leña más fina que dispondremos en forma de "tipi" o de "cobertizo" con ayuda de una roca o un tronco para que el aire circule bien y se inflame rápido. Por encima de la leña fina la iremos añadiendo más gruesa. Si no disponemos de suficiente leña fina podemos hacer astillas la más gruesa con ayuda de nuestro cuchillo.
En la base del "tipi" o del "cobertizo" habremos puesto la "yesca", que es el material inflamable que encenderemos. Consistirá en hojarasca, hierba seca, ramitas resinosas de pinos, sus hojas o agujas, su resina. La madera podrida es una buena yesca en tiempo húmedo, pues suele ser fácil arrancar las partes externas de los troncos para alcanzar las zonas interiores secas. Algunos frutos secos, como las nueces, poseen un aceite que les hace inflamables y arden lentamente. Especialmente útil es la corteza de abedul cortada en tiras, pues se inflama rápido, y arde despacio y con buena llama. Se puede, incluso, hacer una antorcha improvisada enrollando una tira de corteza a una vara.
En los lugares donde no hay leña el hombre recurre a otro tipo de combustibles. En los desiertos se queman los excrementos de los camellos; y en las zonas polares, la grasa de las focas y otros animales.
Tipos de leña
No todas las leñas arden igual, desprenden el mismo calor y las mismas llamas ni forman una brasa duradera. Cada madera tiene sus propias características. Alan Sauri describe en su obra "La Vida Autosuficiente - Ed. Blume" las características de las leñas de los árboles más comunes de esta manera:
"Leñas duras: Dan poca llama, pero su calor lento y prolongado las hace excelentes para la cocina y la calefacción.
Arce: Bueno, buena llama
Carpe: Excelente combustible, llama viva, buena brasa
Fresno: Bueno, buenas brasas, fuego lento
Haya: Buena, buenas brasas, llama clara
Olivo: Excelente, brasas duraderas
Olmo: Fuerte calor, quema lentamente
Falsa Acacia: Buena, malas brasas, muy chisporreteante
Roble: Bueno (también para carbón de leña) se consume lentamente, se pone negro y se carboniza.
Leñas tiernas: Se consumen rápidamente con llamas continuas; resultan, por lo tanto, excelentes maderas para encender o iluminar.
Abedul: Arde bien y rápido, llamas claras. Leña para encender e iluminar
Álamo: Mediocre
Aliso: Arde bien y rápido
Avellano: Leña para encender
Castaño: Poco calor, despide chispas
Castaño de Indias:Mala leña
Majuelo: Arde bien y rápido aunque esté verde
Plátano: Mediocre y ruidoso
Sauce: Llamas claras y vivas, leña para encender
Sauco: Leña pequeña para encender
Tilo: Mediocre
Leñas resinosas: Sus ramas, de madera dura, son un combustible mejor que su tronco, de madera más tierna. Arden con una llama viva, pero poco duradera. A menudo desprenden un fuerte humo.
Abeto: Llamas vivas, mucho humo
Alerce: Medio, chisporroteante, buen carbón
Picea: Calienta rápidamente, buenas llamas, brasas de corta duración
Pino: Calor y llamas vivas, poca duración. Las piñas son excelentes para encender el fuego."
Fuego con métodos improvisados
Lo mejor es no cometer la torpeza de no llevar una reserva de cerillas o un mechero. Pero si nos vemos sin estos medios convencionales para encender un fuego existen otros sistemas improvisados, unos sencillos y efectivos y otros más complicados si no tenemos práctica. En estos casos se hace especialmente importante tener preparada suficiente yesca (hierba seca, hojarasca, etc. bien compactada para que la brasa se propague con facilidad) y leña fina y seca para no desperdiciar una llama que puede habernos costado mucho esfuerzo conseguir. Suele ser efectivo soplar suavemente cuando aparece el primer puntito rojo para avivar la llama. Los métodos son los siguientes:
Las lentes
Una lupa o las lentes de una cámara fotográfica, los prismáticos o determinadas gafas son un medio muy efectivo para encender un fuego, pero no nos servirá si no hace sol. Prepara primero una buena yesca que prenda con facilidad y apunta hacia ellas el puntito de luz.
Pedernal y eslabón
Es un buen sistema que funciona en cualquier circunstancia. Si no disponemos de pedernal podemos probar con una piedra dura. (hay que probar hasta que encontremos una que desprenda buenas chispas, y entonces guardarla para otras ocasiones). Sostendremos el pedernal cerca de la yesca y lo golpearemos con un trozo de acero, como puede ser la hoja de un cuchillo, tratando de dirigir las chispas a la yesca.
Arco de rodamiento indio
Es un conocido sistema de fricción de aire muy aventurero, pero si no sabemos escoger la madera que vamos a usar lo más probable es que no logremos encender el fuego.
Consiste en girar rápidamente una vara con ayuda de un arco sobre otro trozo de madera. Construiremos el arco con una rama flexible y un cordón (de los zapatos, mochila, anorak, etc).
Si queremos que el método funcione debemos frotar madera blanda contra madera dura (ver en la página anterior leñas tiernas y leñas duras). En cualquier sistema de fricción de madera, si obtenemos un polvillo negro, como de carbón, habremos acertado con la madera adecuada, en cambio, si obtenemos un polvo basto y arenoso, desechémosla y busquemos otra.
Cuando empiece a salir humo se añade la yesca bien compactada para que la brasa se propague con facilidad y se sopla con suavidad mientras se continua frotando para lograr una llama.
Método de la sierra
Es un método propio de la jungla, y consiste en usar una madera blanda, normalmente bambú para "serrar" (efectuaremos un movimiento de sierra) otra dura, frecuentemente cáscara de coco. Como yesca se emplea la fibra algodonosa de la base de las hojas de cocotero, el recubrimiento piloso marrón de algunas palmeras o la membrana que encontraremos dentro del bambú.
Método de la correa
Usaremos una tira de ropa u otra fibra fuerte y una rama de madera blanda. Elevaremos la rama ligeramente colocándola sobre una piedra. Pasaremos la correa por debajo de la piedra y tiraremos alternativamente de un extremo y del otro para producir la fricción. Previamente habremos colocado la yesca debajo de la rama, tocando a la correa.
Otros métodos
Podemos emplear una batería para hacer chispas uniendo los cables de ambos polos.
También, en teoría, es posible fabricar una lente con un pedazo de hielo que labraremos con el cuchillo y terminaremos dando forma con las concavidades de las manos. Aunque si el frío es intenso el riesgo de congelación de nuestras manos puede ser demasiado alto. También es posible usar un objeto cóncavo (el culo de una botella, por ejemplo) para hacer la lente, vertiendo agua sobre él y dejando que se congele. Si hacemos dos, podemos pegarlos con un poco de agua que, si el frío es intenso, se congelará enseguida.
En ocasiones, echar unas gotas de gasolina o alcohol sobre la yesca puede facilitar la inflamación, pero no la empapes completamente.
Si usas gasolina u otro combustible en un recipiente para calentarte, ten en cuenta que existe un riesgo potencial de accidente. Nunca añadas más combustible hasta que la llama se haya apagado y el recipiente se enfríe.
Fuego para calentarse
Para aprovechar mejor el calor del fuego debemos construir un reflector con unos leños o utilizar uno natural (una formación rocosa, una depresión del terreno, un árbol grueso...) hay que prestar atención a la dirección del viento para que no nos venga el humo a la cara. Entre el fuego y el reflector prepararemos un lecho seco, blando y cómodo donde nos colocaremos nosotros. Y. Coineau y L. P. Knoeffler dicen a este respecto en su obra Vivir y Sobrevivir en la Naturaleza. Ed. Martínez Roca: "Encended un fuego intenso mucho antes de la hora del descanso; poco antes de esta, cubrid el lecho de brasas con una fina capa de cenizas. El calor, devuelto por el reflector, calienta durante unas 8 horas el área así delimitada."
Fuegos para cocinar
Para cocinar es mejor una hoguera pequeña, que consume menos leña y es fácil de mantener. Siempre es más práctico cocinar sobre las brasas que sobre la llama.
Podemos construir un hogar que nos servirá para poner la cazuela haciendo un pequeño fuego entre dos troncos, dos piedras, etc.
Si nuestra cazuela tiene un asa como la de los cubos podemos sujetarla sobre el fuego con una "grúa" improvisada con una rama inclinada sujeta entre unas piedras y otra rama que funcionara como "percha".
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Protecting the valuable and private data on a computer, let alone the personal identity of the computer user, is an increasingly important task these days. This is why researching which security solutions are best for your protection should not be a half-hearted process. Antivirus software may look the same on the surface. Avast and Norton both have excellent reputations. Norton is a known brand in the U.S., while Avast is one of the world's most recognized brands.
Security Issues
Malicious computer code comes through everything from email and attachments, to instant messaging and flash drives these days. Two of the most common methods are social marketing profiles and peer-2-peer transfers. Today's cyber-crime organizations are not rooms with overzealous teens trying to outdo each other. Today, cyber-terrorists do not want to destroy the computer, they want to control it. In order to accomplish the goal, cyber-criminals will use extreme stealth methods to get around computer protection.
Avast Anti-Virus
Avast Anti-Virus provides very advanced protection features and options, not found in the average anti-virus solution. These benefits include anti-spyware, anti-rootkit and self-protection to keep malware from turning off the Avast security. The Advast anti-virus kernel is ISA certified, and it has received 100VB awards for catching 100 percent of the malicious software sent to attack the computer. Avast also includes special advanced features, instant messaging and peer-2-peer shields and script blocking to protect computer users from unknowingly accepting and downloading malware from trusted friends and websites.
Norton 2009
Norton 2009 is the fastest and lightest anti-virus solution ever created by Norton. Earlier versions bogged down the computer, causing computer users to turn off the anti-virus protection. Norton 2009 is light and fast. Symantec, the parent company, stated there are over 300 improvements to Norton 2009. However, according to Geek.com, an independent tech blog, Norton 2009 only scored "98% for malware detection and 95% for spyware detection on recent AV-Test testing." This does raise some protection concerns.
Considerations
Choosing the best anti-virus protection to fit your needs is critical. You may need live telephone support. Avast is based out of the Czech Republic, so getting a live person on the phone could be a challenge depending on where you live. Norton does offer live phone support, but charges high fees for phone support. Both companies offer support forums, blogs and tutorials and active support communities to help both the average and advanced computer user in a time of need.
Expert Advice
Avast provides the most advanced protection of these two anti-virus solutions, and currently protects over 80 million computers. Of the two, Avast has the most consistent track record of detecting and stopping 100 percent of the malicious attacks tested. However, both Avast and Norton only update their virus definitions once a day. In today's cyber-crime world, it is "Best Practice" to automatically update virus-definitions every few hours, or at least two or three times in a 24-hour period. Cyber-criminals watch this type of activity and use it to judge when the best time is to release new malware.
Playing bingo needs more than luck or skills and techniques, contrary to what most believe. Bingo, just like any game of chance, comes with rules and regulations that players should observe. Being a player comes with responsibilities and etiquette.
Winning the Game
The moment you figured out you won, you must immediately yell BINGO, and it should be loud enough for the floor walker to hear. The pot money shall be given to the winner once their winning card is confirmed. Well, in winning or once you know you just won, the most important thing is that you shout the winning word BEFORE the time elapses. If the game proceeds and the next number is mentioned and you failed to shout "Bingo", your winning card is disqualified. Therefore, this is the rule you must know.
There may be cases when there are two winners, and in this case the pot money shall be divided equally among the winners. Supposing there are two winning cards, the two winners will share half the prize money.
Bingo Game Rules
Bingo rules are basically the same no matter in which Online Bingo hall you play. But still it's good if you know these rules by heart. If it is your first try, then ask for handouts and inquire from pros regarding the game rules. Nonetheless, the ideal thing to do if you have questions is to ask the floor walker and not the person seated beside you. You should clarify things and doubts before the game starts because asking too many questions as the game proceeds could well distract you. This guideline also applies to those who are newcomers at casinos, those who play roulette for the first time.
Bingo halls demand an age limit of 18 years old. If you are below this age, you are prohibited to play. Some bingo houses ban alcohol inside, so players aren't supposed to take liquor nor drink it inside the venue. Smoking may also be restricted inside the venue, as there are designated smoking sections.
Take note that some Bingo houses don't allow food but some do, so it basically depends on the venue. Policies vary among different venues. For instance, some bingo halls allow reservation of cards, while others don't allow it. Some allow people to leave the venue in the middle of the game, others forbid it. But there are general policies observed in all bingo houses, such as disqualification of tampered bingo cards. There is no way you can get away with a tampered card because the walkers are adept at identifying authentic cards from tampered ones. You could be banned from a bingo establishment if proven liable of tampering a card. Hence, you should play honestly.
Interestingly, some venues offer special bingo games for kids although some halls don't allow players to have companions while playing. Suppose you bring kids with you, don't let them run around the venue and bother other gamers. They should behave well whilst you play and the game proceeds. Play quietly and don't recite the numbers you desperately want to come off because you'll be much of a disturbance if you do. Decorous playing is expectant of all players, even those who play roulette at casinos. Also, having a valid identification is important because you don't know you might win and need to present credentials.
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